Control Transformer Regulation What 85/90/95% Really Means

Control Transformer

Release date: January 15, 2026 Reading time: 8 minutes

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If you have ever opened a catalog or datasheet and seen “85% / 90% / 95% regulation” next to a Control Transformer, you are not alone in pausing. Engineers wonder whether it is a quality grade. Buyers wonder whether it affects price. Maintenance teams just want the contactor to stop chattering.

Here is the practical truth: those percentages are a selection promise about voltage dip during inrush, not marketing fluff. They exist because real-world control circuits slam transformers with short, high inrush VA when coils pull in—and that moment is exactly when undervoltage can cause nuisance dropouts.

In this article, we will decode what “85% / 90% / 95% regulation” means, how to choose the right column, and how to turn the concept into a clear RFQ that suppliers, wholesalers, and manufacturers can quote correctly (including customization options).

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Regulation has two meanings—do not mix them up

In power engineering, “voltage regulation” traditionally describes how much a transformer’s secondary voltage changes from no-load to load due to internal impedance and losses. It is often expressed as a percentage change between no-load and full-load voltage.

But in industrial control power contexts, “85% / 90% / 95% regulation” is used differently: it is tied to control circuit inrush and selection charts. Many selection guides define it as the minimum secondary voltage (as a percentage of nameplate secondary voltage) that will be available during maximum inrush conditions, at rated input voltage.

Here is the clean way to separate them:

Term you see	What it usually refers to	When it matters most	What you measure
Traditional transformer voltage regulation	No-load vs full-load voltage change	Continuous loading and steady performance	Secondary at no-load and at rated load
85% / 90% / 95% “regulation” columns (control transformer selection)	Minimum secondary voltage during inrush	Coil pull-in moments (contactors/relays/solenoids)	Lowest secondary voltage during inrush event

If you keep that distinction in your head, everything else becomes much easier.

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What “85% / 90% / 95% regulation” means in plain English

When a selection guide says “85% / 90% / 95% regulation,” it is effectively saying:

“If you size the transformer using the 90% column, then during the worst inrush event (at rated primary voltage), the secondary voltage should not dip below 90% of the nameplate secondary voltage—as long as your inrush VA does not exceed the chart’s limit.”

So if the nameplate secondary is 120 Vac:

• 85% means the secondary might dip to 102 Vac during inrush
• 90% means the dip floor is 108 Vac
• 95% means the dip floor is 114 Vac

And for common control voltages:

Nameplate secondary	85% floor	90% floor	95% floor
24 Vac	20.4 Vac	21.6 Vac	22.8 Vac
48 Vac	40.8 Vac	43.2 Vac	45.6 Vac
110 Vac	93.5 Vac	99.0 Vac	104.5 Vac
120 Vac	102.0 Vac	108.0 Vac	114.0 Vac
230 Vac	195.5 Vac	207.0 Vac	218.5 Vac

Why do catalogs care about inrush? Because electromagnetic devices can demand many times their steady-state VA for a brief period. Siemens notes inrush can be up to about ten times steady current and can last tens of milliseconds, and that voltage stability can drop as current spikes.

This is why two transformers with the same continuous VA rating can behave very differently in a control panel at the exact moment a contactor pulls in.

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Why these numbers exist: the “85% operating” reality and the 90% default

Control circuits are full of coils: contactors, relays, solenoids. These devices have a practical operating window. If the coil voltage dips too far during pull-in, you may see:

• failure to pick up (won’t pull in)
• chatter (rapid open/close)
• nuisance trips
• overheating from repeated inrush attempts

Selection references often connect this to standards expectations. One widely used guideline notes that, to comply with NEMA requirements that magnetic devices operate successfully at 85% of rated voltage, the 90% column is most commonly used for selection.
Siemens similarly describes that, per NEMA standards, secondary voltage would typically be around 85% of rated voltage during inrush conditions.

So why not always pick 95%? Because tighter performance generally implies more transformer capacity (VA), cost, and size, and many control devices will still operate reliably without that tighter dip limit—especially if the primary voltage is stable and wiring runs are short.

A practical way to think about it:

Column	What you are “buying”	Typical reason to pick it
85%	More tolerance for dip	Input voltage fluctuates widely; cost/space sensitive; less demanding coil mix
90%	Balanced default	Common industrial practice to support reliable pull-in while staying economical
95%	Tighter dip control	Sensitive loads, high reliability targets, long control wiring, or frequent cycling

If you want a one-sentence procurement summary: 90% is the “safe and standard” column for many industrial panels; 95% is an upgrade; 85% is a tolerance strategy when supply variation is your bigger problem.

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How engineers size a control transformer using inrush and sealed VA

Most selection methods follow the same logic:

1. Determine sealed (steady-state) VA: what is continuously energized.
2. Determine inrush VA: what happens at the peak moment when the maximum set of coils energize together.
3. Convert those into a sizing requirement and choose a regulation column (85/90/95) based on voltage dip tolerance and line variation.
4. Select a transformer whose rating meets both the inrush requirement and the sealed VA requirement.

Some manufacturers also provide a combined inrush sizing equation. Eaton, for example, shows a method to calculate a CPT inrush VA using the square-sum of total inrush and total sealed VA.

Here is a simplified worked example (numbers chosen for clarity):

Item	Quantity	Sealed VA each	Inrush VA each	Included at peak inrush?
Contactor coil	2	20	200	Yes
Relay coil	3	6	60	Yes
Pilot lights	6	2	(no inrush)	Yes
PLC I/O load	1	15	(no inrush)	Yes

Now compute:

• Total sealed VA = (2×20) + (3×6) + (6×2) + (1×15) = 40 + 18 + 12 + 15 = 85 VA
• Total inrush VA = (2×200) + (3×60) + (pilot lights 12 VA at that moment) + (PLC 15 VA)
  = 400 + 180 + 12 + 15 = 607 VA

At this point, you would go to a selection chart and choose the 85/90/95 column that matches your voltage tolerance goal, then find the transformer VA rating whose inrush capacity is not less than 607 VA, and confirm its continuous VA rating is ≥ 85 VA. This “inrush must not be less than” logic is explicitly called out in multiple selection references.

A small but important reminder: sequence of operation matters. If not all coils energize simultaneously, your peak inrush may be lower than “sum of everything,” and you can avoid oversizing.

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Choosing 85% vs 90% vs 95%: a decision framework that holds up in the field

Engineers often ask, “Which column should I use?” The best answer is not a slogan—it is a short risk assessment:

• How stable is your primary voltage?
• How severe is your inrush event?
• How sensitive is your load to undervoltage during pull-in?
• How long are your control wiring runs (extra drop)?
• What is your reliability target (downtime cost)?

Many references explicitly tie column choice to input voltage fluctuation (for example, if the supply fluctuates as much as ±10%, select the 85% column).
Eaton also notes 90% or 95% is often recommended, because exceeding inrush capability can deepen the secondary dip and lead to premature failures of coils and devices.

Use the table below as a practical mapping from scenario to selection posture:

Scenario	Typical risk	Recommended column mindset
Utility is stable; short control wiring; moderate coil inrush	Low dip risk	90% is usually a sensible default
Frequent cycling of contactors/solenoids; sensitive coil pickup	Inrush dip causes chatter	Bias toward 95% (or larger VA margin)
Supply varies widely (generator sets, weak feeders, long runs)	Primary voltage variation dominates	85% column may match real supply conditions
High downtime cost (process lines, critical interlocks)	“One dropout is too many”	95% plus conservative sizing
Retrofitting an older panel with unknown loads	Hidden inrush events	Start with 90%, validate inrush, then adjust

If your internal debate is “90% or 95%,” ask yourself one question: What is the cost of one nuisance dropout? If it costs more than the price delta, the decision is straightforward.

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how to verify you really got the regulation performance you paid for

Because the 85/90/95 concept is about a transient dip, verifying it is not the same as measuring a steady 120 Vac with a handheld meter. Inrush events can be short (tens of milliseconds), and the minimum voltage may not show up on basic averaging meters. Siemens notes inrush duration can be on the order of milliseconds, which hints at why test method matters.

A practical acceptance test strategy is:

1. Apply rated primary voltage.
2. Trigger the worst-case inrush event (maximum simultaneous coil pickup).
3. Capture the minimum secondary voltage during that instant.
4. Compare to the promised floor (85/90/95 of nameplate), assuming you are within the inrush VA the selection chart allows.

Testing options:

What you want to observe	Recommended instrument	Notes
Minimum voltage during a short dip	Oscilloscope or power quality recorder	Best visibility into fast events
“Dip happened” but not exact waveform	True-RMS meter with MIN/MAX capture	May miss very fast dips depending on sampling
Load validation	Clamp meter + logging	Useful to confirm coil pickup current and sequence

Troubleshooting tip: if you see coil chatter, do not assume “bad transformer” first. Check:

• primary voltage sag upstream
• too many coils pulling in simultaneously
• long, undersized secondary wiring causing additional drop
• wrong regulation column selection (or misinterpreted chart)

Remember: the selection column is only meaningful if the load’s inrush VA stays within the transformer’s inrush capacity for that column.

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“85% / 90% / 95% regulation” is best understood as a performance floor during inrush, not a generic quality label. It tells you how much the secondary voltage is allowed to dip—when coils pull in and your control circuit is at its most vulnerable. Selection guides define these columns around the idea that, when properly sized, the Control Transformer will maintain at least that percentage of nameplate secondary voltage under worst-case inrush conditions.

For engineers, the workflow is straightforward: calculate sealed VA, calculate peak inrush VA, choose the regulation column based on supply variation and control sensitivity, then size from the chart and validate both inrush and continuous VA requirements.

For procurement, the win is clarity: turn “regulation” into a quote-able requirement. When you provide sealed/inrush VA plus the desired 85/90/95 target, suppliers, wholesalers, and manufacturers can respond with accurate pricing, lead times, and customization options—without guesswork.

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